Trousson, Raymond / Vercruysse, Jeroom (dir.), Dictionnaire general de Voltaire. (Champion classiques, references et dictionnaires 18) 1272 p. 2020:10 (Champion, FR) <670-9>
ISBN 978-2-38096-016-7 paper ¥7,064.- (税込) EUR 38.00

Dong Gu, Ming, The Nature and Rationale of Zen/Chan and Enlightenment: The Mind of a Pre-Natal Baby. (Routledge Studies in Asian Religion) 272 pp. 2023:7 (Routledge, UK) <697-16>
ISBN 978-1-03-249763-1 hard ¥31,603.- (税込) GB￡ 130.00

This book initiates a paradigm shift away from Zen/Chan as quintessentially Buddhist and examines what makes Chan thought and practice unique and original through an interdisciplinary investigation of the nature and rationale of Chan and its enlightenment.Exploring how enlightenment is achieved through Chan practice and how this differs from other forms of Buddhism, the book offers an entirely new view of Chan that embraces historical scholarship, philosophical inquiry, textual analysis, psychological studies, Chan practice, and neuroscientific research and locates the core of Chan in its founder Huineng's theory of no thinking which creatively integrates the Taoist ideas of zuowang (forgetting in seated meditation) and xinzhai (fast of heart-mind) with his personal experiences of enlightenment. It concludes that Chan is the crystallization of an innovative synthesis of Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism as well as other resources of somatic and spiritual cultivation, and enlightenment is a momentary return to the mental state of a baby before birth.This book will appeal to students and scholars of religion, philosophy and neuroscience. It will also offer new insights to thinkers, writers, artists, therapists and neuroscientists as well as those practicing Zen, Mindfulness and psychotherapy.

リベラリズムの罠－J.S.ミルと解釈の習慣
Philips, Menaka, The Liberalism Trap: John Stuart Mill and Customs of Interpretation. 232 pp. 2023:6 (Oxford U. Pr., US) <697-17>
ISBN 978-0-19-765855-0 hard ¥16,160.- (税込) US$ 83.00

Piirimaee, Eva, Herder and Enlightenment Politics. (Ideas in Context) 411 pp. 2023:5 (Cambridge U. Pr., UK) <697-18>
ISBN 978-1-00-926386-3 hard ¥24,310.- (税込) GB￡ 100.00

Johann Gottfried Herder initiated the modern disciplines of philosophical anthropology and cultural history, including the study of popular culture. He is also remembered as a sharp critic of colonialism and imperialism. But what types of social, economic and political arrangements did Herder envision for modern European societies? Herder and Enlightenment Politics provides a radically new interpretation of Herder's political thought, situating his ideas in Enlightenment debates on modern patriotism, commerce and peace. By reconstructing Herder's engagement with Rousseau, Montesquieu, Abbt, Ferguson, Moeser, Kant and many other contemporary authors, Eva Piirimaee shows that Herder was deeply interested in the potential for cultural, moral and political reform in Russia, Germany and Europe. Herder probed the foundations of modern liberty, community and peace, developing a distinctive understanding of human self-determination, natural sociability and modern patriotism as well as advocating a vision of Europe as a commercially and culturally interconnected community of peoples.

Brahami, F. / Guerpillon, L. (dir.), La fabrique de l’Emile: commentaires du manuscrit Favre. (Etudes & commentaires) 2022:12 (Vrin, FR) <696-6>
ISBN 978-2-7116-3081-3 paper ¥7,180.- (税込) EUR 34.00

18世紀のスコットランド哲学　第2巻：方法、形而上学、心、言語
Garrett, Aaron / Harris, James A. (eds.), Scottish Philosophy in the Eighteenth Century. Volume II: Method, Metaphysics, Mind, Language. (A History of Scottish Philosophy) 384 pp. 2023:7 (Oxford U. Pr., UK) <696-7>
ISBN 978-0-19-880794-0 hard ¥21,879.- (税込) GB￡ 90.00

A History of Scottish Philosophy is a series of collaborative studies by expert authors, each volume being devoted to a specific period. Together they provide a comprehensive account of the Scottish philosophical tradition, from the centuries that laid the foundation of the remarkable burst of intellectual fertility known as the Scottish Enlightenment, through the Victorian age and beyond, when it continued to exercise powerful intellectual influence at home and abroad. The books aim to be historically informative, while at the same time serving to renew philosophical interest in the problems with which the Scottish philosophers grappled and in the solutions they proposed. This is a companion volume to Scottish Philosophy in the Eighteenth Century, Volume I. Where Volume I covered Scottish Enlightenment contributions to morals, politics, art, and religion, this second volume covers philosophical method, metaphysics, and the philosophy of mind. It includes a comprehensive account of the teaching of philosophy in Scottish universities in the eighteenth century. Particular attention is given to Scottish achievements in the science of the mind in chapters on perception, the intellectual powers, the active powers, habit and the association of ideas, and language.

コスモポリタニズムと啓蒙思想
Rubies, Joan-Pau / Safier, Neil (eds.), Cosmopolitanism and the Enlightenment. 358 pp. 2023:4 (Cambridge U. Pr., UK) <696-8>
ISBN 978-1-00-930534-1 hard ¥24,310.- (税込) GB￡ 100.00

As we face new global challenges - from climate change to the international political order - the need to re-examine the historical roots of cosmopolitanism and liberal principles on a global scale has become increasingly central to the political conversation. Cosmopolitanism and the Enlightenment brings together leading scholars in cultural history, the history of ideas and global politics in order to reassess the complexity of cosmopolitanism during the Enlightenment and its various interpretations over time. Through a fresh and revisionist perspective, the volume explores issues of universalism and cultural diversity, the idea of civilization, race, gender, empire, colonialism, global inequality, national patriotism, international and civil conflict, and other forms of political discourse, challenging the simple negative stereotype that the Enlightenment was inevitably hierarchical and Eurocentric. This timely intervention into the debate about the legacy of the Enlightenment highlights both the plurality and the continuing relevance of Enlightened cosmopolitanism to contemporary global concerns.

Spector, Celine, Emile: Rousseau et la morale experimentale. (Bibliotheque d'histoire de la philosophie. Poche) 2022:12 (Vrin, FR) <696-9>
ISBN 978-2-7116-3075-2 paper ¥3,168.- (税込) EUR 15.00

Brennan, Daniel / La Caze, Marguerite (eds.), Hannah Arendt and the History of Thought. (Continental Philosophy and the History of Thought) 272 pp. 2022:6 (Lexington Books, US) <695-8>
ISBN 978-1-66690-085-9 hard ¥20,443.- (税込) US$ 105.00

Hannah Arendt and the History of Thought, edited by Daniel Brennan and Marguerite La Caze, enrichens and deepens scholarship on Arendt's relation to philosophical history and traditions. Some contributors analyze thinkers not often linked to Arendt, such as William Shakespeare, Hans Jonas, and Simone de Beauvoir. Other contributors treat themes that are pressing and crucial to understanding Arendt's work, such as love in its many forms, ethnicity and race, disability, human rights, politics, and statelessness. The collection is anchored by chapters on Arendt's interpretation of Kant and her relation to early German Romanticism and phenomenology, while other chapters explore new perspectives, such as Arendt and film, her philosophical connections with other women thinkers, and her influence on Eastern European thought and activism. The collection expands the frames of reference for research on Arendt-both in terms of using a broader range of texts like her Denktagebuch and in examining her ideas about judgment, feminism, and worldliness in this wider context.

ヒュームの主体的行為者のための法則
Hicks, Michael Townsen / Jaag, Siegfried / Loew, C. (eds.), Humean Laws for Humean Agents. 304 pp. 2023:4 (Oxford U. Pr., UK) <694-9>
ISBN 978-0-19-289381-9 hard ¥17,503.- (税込) GB￡ 72.00

Humean Laws for Human Agents presents cutting-edge research by leading experts on the Humean account of laws, chance, possibility, and necessity. A central question in metaphysics and philosophy of science is: What are laws of nature? Humeans hold that laws are not sui generis metaphysical entities but merely particularly effective summaries of what actually happens. The most discussed recent work on Humeanism emphasizes the laws' usefulness for limited agents and uses pragmatic considerations to address fundamental and long-standing problems. The current volume develops and critically examines pragmatic Humean accounts, with innovative new work on the epistemology of laws and chance, the problem of induction, counterfactuals, special science laws, and a Humean account of essence. Taken together, the papers provide a roadmap for developing pragmatic Humeanism and connate views, setting the agenda for future research.

A.スミスの共感の概念による価値と利己主義的利益の再考
Blanc, Emmanuel, La valeur et l'interet egoiste revisite par le concept de sympathie d'Adam Smith. (Bibliotheque de l'economiste) 2022:10 (Classiques Garnier, FR) <694-7>
ISBN 978-2-406-13313-1 hard ¥14,150.- (税込) EUR 67.00
ISBN 978-2-406-13312-4 paper ¥5,913.- (税込) EUR 28.00

A.スミスによる世界
Fjeld, Anders / Nanteuil-Miribel, Matthieu de, Le monde selon Adam Smith: essai sur l'imaginaire en economie. 2022:9 (PUF, FR) <694-8>
ISBN 978-2-13-083729-9 paper ¥4,646.- (税込) EUR 22.00

Mubambar, Pierre Guy, Probabilites et rationalite du choix: au sujet de l'irrationnel de David Hume. (Ouverture philosophique. Bibliotheque) 2022:9 (L'Harmattan, FR) <694-11>
ISBN 978-2-14-028624-7 paper ¥3,801.- (税込) EUR 18.00

P.Kitcher著　J.S.ミルについて
Kitcher, Philip, On John Stuart Mill. (Core Knowledge) 152 pp. 2023:1 (Columbia U. Pr., US) <694-10>
ISBN 978-0-231-20414-9 hard ¥11,682.- (税込) US$ 60.00
ISBN 978-0-231-20415-6 paper ¥2,910.- (税込) US$ 14.95 *

John Stuart Mill expressed many of the central tenets of liberalism with unsurpassed clarity and enduring influence. Yet Mill's apparent victory in the marketplace of ideas has numbed us to the power of his arguments. To many readers today, his views can seem utterly familiar, even banal.Sharing insights from teaching Mill for many years, the eminent philosopher Philip Kitcher makes a cogent case for why we should read this nineteenth-century thinker now. He portrays Mill as a conflicted humanist who wrestled with problems that are equally urgent in our own time. Kitcher reflects on Mill's ideas in the context of contemporary ethical, social, and political issues such as COVID mandates, gun control, income inequality, gay rights, and climate change. More broadly, he shows, Mill's writings help us cultivate our own capacities for critical thought and ethical decision making.Inviting readers into a conversation with Mill, this book shows that he supplies tools for thinking that are as valuable today as they were in the nineteenth century.

T.L.パングル著　ルソーの『孤独な散歩者の夢想』における知恵の生活
Pangle, Thomas L., The Life of Wisdom in Rousseau's Reveries of the Solitary Walker. 246 pp. 2023:4 (Cornell U. Pr., US) <693-13>
ISBN 978-1-5017-6922-1 hard ¥24,337.- (税込) US$ 125.00
ISBN 978-1-5017-6923-8 paper ¥6,220.- (税込) US$ 31.95

The Life of Wisdom in Rousseau's "Reveries of the Solitary Walker" is the first complete exegesis and interpretation of Rousseau's final and culminating work, showing its full philosophic and moral teaching. The Reveries has been celebrated as a work of literature that is an acknowledged acme of French prose writing. Thomas L. Pangle argues that this aesthetic appreciation necessitates an in-depth interpretation of the writing's complex and multileveled intended teaching about the normatively best way of life-and how essential this is for a work that was initially bewildering.Rousseau stands out among modern political philosophers in that he restored, to political philosophy, what Socrates and his students (from Plato and Xenophon through Aristotle and the Stoics and Cicero) had made central-and that the previous modern, Enlightenment philosophers had eclipsed: the study of the life and soul of the exemplary, independent sage, as possessor of "human wisdom." Rousseau made this again the supreme theme and source of norms for political philosophy and for humanity's moral as well as civic existence.In his analysis of The Reveries, Pangle uncovers Rousseau's most profound exploration and articulation of his own life, personality, soul, and thought as "the man of nature enlightened by reason." He describes, in Rousseau's final work, the fullest embodiment of the experiential wisdom from which flows and to which points Rousseau's political and moral philosophy, his theology, and his musical and literary art.

McKeon, Michael, Historicizing the Enlightenment. Volume 1.: Politics, Religion, Economy, and Society in Britain. 260 pp. 2023:7 (Bucknell U. Pr., US) <693-11>
ISBN 978-1-68448-472-0 hard ¥25,311.- (税込) US$ 130.00
ISBN 978-1-68448-471-3 paper ¥8,761.- (税込) US$ 45.00

The Enlightenment has been linked to some of the most powerfully destructive developments of modern life: imperialism, racism, capitalist exploitation, scientific absolutism, totalitarian rule; and behind these developments, the domination of facts over values, quantity over quality, the abstract over the concrete, reason over humanity, division over connection. In this two-volume collection of career-spanning essays, influential literary critic Michael McKeon argues a more complicated view by practicing a different way of doing history: imagining these oppositions as the product not of the Enlightenment but of modern experience in its maturity. These essays conjure what it was like to live through the emergence of concepts and practices that are now commonplace-society, privacy, the public, the market, secularity, democracy, human rights, sex and gender, fiction, the aesthetic attitude. Volume 1 emphasizes the revolutionary break with tradition enacted by the British Enlightenment and the effects of its inversion of traditional hierarchies. With specific focus on economics and politics, religion and society, this collection amplifies the remarkable contribution McKeon has made to the intellectual history of the Enlightenment, and is an essential addition to any collection. Published by Bucknell University Press. Distributed worldwide by Rutgers University Press.

McKeon, Michael, Historicizing the Enlightenment. Volume 2.: Literature, the Arts, and the Aesthetic in Britain. 268 pp. 2023:7 (Bucknell U. Pr., US) <693-12>
ISBN 978-1-68448-476-8 hard ¥25,311.- (税込) US$ 130.00
ISBN 978-1-68448-475-1 paper ¥8,761.- (税込) US$ 45.00

The Enlightenment has been linked to some of the most powerfully destructive developments of modern life: imperialism, racism, capitalist exploitation, scientific absolutism, totalitarian rule; and behind these developments, the domination of facts over values, quantity over quality, the abstract over the concrete, reason over humanity, division over connection. In this two-volume collection of career-spanning essays, influential literary critic Michael McKeon argues a more complicated view by practicing a different way of doing history: imagining these oppositions as the product not of the Enlightenment but of modern experience in its maturity. These essays conjure what it was like to live through the emergence of concepts and practices that are now commonplace-society, privacy, the public, the market, secularity, democracy, human rights, sex and gender, fiction, the aesthetic attitude. Volume 2 emphasizes the British Enlightenment's effects on the future rather than its break with the past. McKeon urges us to distinguish between those aspects of the Enlightenment that eventually were used to organize epistemic violence and oppression from those aspects that were-and remain today-revolutionary. Taken together, these two volumes present a formidable defense of the Enlightenment's liberating and ultimately transformative effects. Published by Bucknell University Press. Distributed worldwide by Rutgers University Press.

Sciortino, Luca, History of Rationalities: Ways of Thinking from Vico to Hacking and Beyond. 334 pp. 2023:3 (Palgrave Macmillan, UK) <693-14>
ISBN 978-3-031-24003-4 hard ¥25,341.- (税込) EUR 119.99

Over time, philosophers and historians of science have introduced different notions of 'ways of thinking'. This book presents, compares, and contrasts these different notions. It focuses primarily on Ian Hacking's idea of 'style of reasoning' in order to assess and develop it into a more systematic theory of scientific thought, arguing that Hacking's theory implies epistemic relativism. Luca Sciortino also discusses the implications of Hacking's ideas for the study of the problem of contingency and inevitability in the development of scientific knowledge

McKeon, Michael, Historicizing the Enlightenment. 2 vols. 2023:7 (Bucknell U. Pr., US) <100-6214>
ISBN 978-1-68448-486-7 hard ¥38,940.- (税込) US$ 200.00
ISBN 978-1-68448-485-0 paper ¥14,602.- (税込) US$ 75.00

正義を夢見、知恵に目覚める－ルソーの哲学的生活
Cooper, Laurence D., Dreaming of Justice, Waking to Wisdom: Rousseau's Philosophic Life. 288 pp. 2023:3 (U. Chicago Pr., US) <692-8>
ISBN 978-0-226-82499-4 hard ¥19,275.- (税込) US$ 99.00
ISBN 978-0-226-82501-4 paper ¥6,814.- (税込) US$ 35.00

マンデヴィルの寓話
Douglass, Robin, Mandeville's Fable: Pride, Hypocrisy, and Sociability. 256 pp. 2023:5 (Princeton U. Pr., US) <692-9>
ISBN 978-0-691-21867-0 hard ¥18,496.- (税込) US$ 95.00
ISBN 978-0-691-21917-2 paper ¥6,814.- (税込) US$ 35.00

Why we should take Bernard Mandeville seriously as a philosopherBernard Mandeville's The Fable of the Bees outraged its eighteenth-century audience by proclaiming that private vices lead to public prosperity. Today the work is best known as an early iteration of laissez-faire capitalism. In this book, Robin Douglass looks beyond the notoriety of Mandeville's great work to reclaim its status as one of the most incisive philosophical studies of human nature and the origin of society in the Enlightenment era. Focusing on Mandeville's moral, social, and political ideas, Douglass offers a revelatory account of why we should take Mandeville seriously as a philosopher.Douglass expertly reconstructs Mandeville's theory of how self-centred individuals, who care for their reputation and social standing above all else, could live peacefully together in large societies. Pride and shame are the principal motives of human behaviour, on this account, with a large dose of hypocrisy and self-deception lying behind our moral practices. In his analysis, Douglass attends closely to the changes between different editions of the Fable; considers Mandeville's arguments in light of objections and rival accounts from other eighteenth-century philosophers, including Shaftesbury, Hume, and Smith; and draws on more recent findings from social psychology.With this detailed and original reassessment of Mandeville's philosophy, Douglass shows how The Fable of the Bees-by shining a light on the dark side of human nature-has the power to unsettle readers even today.

Marko, Jonathan S., John Locke's Theology: An Ecumenical, Irenic, and Controversial Project. (Oxford Studies in Historical Theology) 360 pp. 2023:5 (Oxford U. Pr., US) <692-10>
ISBN 978-0-19-765004-2 hard ¥21,417.- (税込) US$ 110.00

Pietz, William, The Problem of the Fetish. Ed. by F. Pellizzi et al. 272 pp. 2022:11 (U. Chicago Pr., US) <692-11>
ISBN 978-0-226-82179-5 hard ¥18,496.- (税込) US$ 95.00
ISBN 978-0-226-82181-8 paper ¥5,353.- (税込) US$ 27.50

ルソーの神
Scott, John T., Rousseau's God: Theology, Religion, and the Natural Goodness of Man. 288 pp. 2023:4 (U. Chicago Pr., US) <692-12>
ISBN 978-0-226-82548-9 hard ¥19,275.- (税込) US$ 99.00
ISBN 978-0-226-82550-2 paper ¥6,327.- (税込) US$ 32.50

A.スミスと近代性－1723～2023年
Burgio, Alberto (ed.), Adam Smith and Modernity: 1723-2023. (Routledge Studies in Eighteenth-Century Philosophy) 376 pp. 2023:3 (Routledge, UK) <691-21>
ISBN 978-1-03-229394-3 hard ¥29,172.- (税込) GB￡ 120.00

This volume features 19 original essays on Adam Smith's conception of modernity. The contributions demonstrate the relevance of Smith as the great interpreter of modernity 250 years after the publication of The Wealth of Nations.The chapters in Part 1 focus on structural aspects of Smith's work. They cover topics such as Smith as theorist of spontaneous order, the systematic dimension of Smith's theoretical construction, and Smith's role as a historian of economic thought. Part 2 addresses Smith's conception of modern subjectivity between Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres, Theory of Moral Sentiments and Wealth of Nations. Here the contributors consider the figure of the Smithian "merchant" and the importance of ridicule and satire for understanding modern civility, and comment on the role of sympathy, imagination and moral judgement in developing a sense of self, the condition of the modern man in society, and the virtue of self-command. Part 3 focuses on the crucial question of the relationship between ethics and economics discussing the link between efficiency, equity and justice, the nature of Smith's theory of value, and the ethical connotation of Smith's critique. Part 4 deals with topics inherent to the functional dynamics and development process of the Smithian "commercial society". These topics include law and authority, the relationship between work and freedom, the parable of the "poor man's son", and the economic and political consequences of the new secular orthodoxy. Finally, the chapters in Part 5 explore themes related to history and the Smithian idea of progress. They focus on the link between trade and progress of civilization, Smith's modern sociological vision of mass commercial societies, Smith's judgment on "savage" and premodern societies, and the controversial question of the immanentistic or providentialist perspective from which Smith considers both the social dynamics and the historical process. Adam Smith and Modernity will appeal to scholars and advanced students on 18th-century philosophy, the history of economic thought, and the history of social and political philosophy.

アダム・スミス評論　第13巻
Forman, Fonna (ed.), The Adam Smith Review. Volume 13. 472 pp. 2023:4 (Routledge, UK) <691-22>
ISBN 978-1-03-241708-0 hard ¥34,034.- (税込) GB￡ 140.00

Adam Smith's contribution to economics is well recognised, yet scholars have recently been exploring anew the multidisciplinary nature of his works. The Adam Smith Review is a rigorously refereed annual review that provides a unique forum for interdisciplinary debate on all aspects of Adam Smith's works, his place in history, and the significance of his writings to the modern world. It is aimed at facilitating debate among scholars working across the humanities and social sciences, thus emulating the reach of the Enlightenment world which Smith helped to shape.This thirteenth volume demonstrates, perhaps more so than any other issue in recent memory, the dazzling breadth and diversity of Smith scholarship across the disciplines today - from studies of hospitals, balls and monsters to colonies, clerisy, language and the mind; from issues of empathy, compassion, cohesion, translation, representation, paternalism and moral innovation, to Smith's influence on Japanese, Portuguese, Chinese, American and Italian thought and practice. Adam Smith remains our companion, always provoking us, and stimulating creative directions in our thinking and research.

Piazza, Marco, Voltaire Against the Jews or the Limits of Toleration. (Palgrave Critical Studies of Antisemitism and Racism) 184 pp. 2022:12 (Palgrave Macmillan, UK) <691-23>
ISBN 978-3-031-18711-7 hard ¥23,229.- (税込) EUR 109.99

This book challenges Voltaire's doctrine of toleration. Can a Jew be a philosopher? And if so, at what cost? It seeks to provide an organic interpretation of Voltaire's attitude towards Jews, problematising the issue against the background of his theory of toleration. To date, no monograph entirely dedicated to this theme has been written. This book attempts to provide an answer to the crucial questions that have emerged in the past fifty years through a process of reading and analysis that starts with the publication of Des Juifs (1756), and ends with the posthumous publication of the apocryphal article 'Juifs' in the Kehl edition of the Dictionnaire Philosophique (1784).

Avis, Paul, Theology and the Enlightenment: A Critical Enquiry into Enlightenment Theology and Its Reception. 416 pp. 2022:12 (Bloomsbury T&T Clark, UK) <690-12>
ISBN 978-0-567-70565-5 hard ¥21,879.- (税込) GB￡ 90.00 *
ISBN 978-0-567-70564-8 paper ¥7,046.- (税込) GB￡ 28.99 *

Challenging the common assumption that the Enlightenment of the late seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries was an essentially secular, irreligious and atheistic movement, this book critiques this standard interpretation as based on a narrow view of Enlightenment sources. Building on the work of revisionist historians, this volume takes the argument squarely into the theological domain, whether Anglican, Dissenting, Lutheran or deistic, whilst also noting that the Enlightenment deeply affected Roman Catholic and Jewish theologies. It challenges the stereotype of 'Enlightenment rationalism', and the penultimate chapter brings out the biblical and ecclesial roots of the image of enlightenment and reclaims it for Christian faith.

K.ホーコンセン他編　プーフェンドルフ必携
Haakonssen, Knud / Hunter, Ian (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Pufendorf. (Cambridge Companions to Law) 350 pp. 2022:11 (Cambridge U. Pr., UK) <688-18>
ISBN 978-1-108-47269-2 hard ¥21,879.- (税込) GB￡ 90.00 *
ISBN 978-1-108-46014-9 paper ¥7,289.- (税込) GB￡ 29.99 *

In the same intellectual league as Grotius, Hobbes and Locke, but today less well known, Samuel Pufendorf was an early modern master of political, juridical, historical and theological thought. Trained in an erudite humanism, he brought his copious command of ancient and modern literature to bear on precisely honed arguments designed to engage directly with contemporary political and religious problems. Through his fundamental reconstruction of the discipline of natural law, Pufendorf offered a new rationale for the sovereign territorial state, providing it with non-religious foundations in order to fit it for governance of multi-religious societies and to protect his own Protestant faith. He also drew on his humanist learning to write important political histories, a significant lay theology, and vivid polemics against his many opponents. This volume makes the full scope of his thought and writing accessible to English readers for the first time.

Lai, Cheng-chung, Adam Smith and Yan Fu: Western Economics in Chinese Perspective. 122 pp. 2022:11 (Springer, GW) <688-19>
ISBN 978-981-19-6572-2 hard ¥8,023.- (税込) EUR 37.99

This book examines at a static level how Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations (1776) was introduced into China at the turn of the twentieth century. In a dynamic socio-economic context, Yan Fu (1854-1921) had The Wealth of Nations in mind as a prescription for China's "Wealth and Power". This book aims answer the question of whether The Wealth of Nations, a book which advocates laissez-faire, free trade, and minimum governance helpful for China with very different economic conditions and modes of thought to the West and goes on to reexamine Yan Fu's economic ideas through a modern economics perspective.

Lok, Matthijs, Europe against Revolution: Conservatism, Enlightenment, and the Making of the Past. 368 pp. 2023:2 (Oxford U. Pr., UK) <688-20>
ISBN 978-0-19-887213-9 hard ¥24,310.- (税込) GB￡ 100.00

Contemporary Europe seems to be divided between progressive cosmopolitans sympathetic to the European Union and the ideals of the Enlightenment, and counter-enlightened conservative nationalists extolling the virtues of homelands threatened by globalised elites and mass migration. This study seeks to uncover the roots of historically informed ideas of Europe, while at the same time underlining the fundamental differences between the writings of the older counter-revolutionary Europeanists and their self-appointed successors and detractors in the twenty-first century. In the decades around 1800, the era of the French Revolution, counter-revolutionary authors from all over Europe defended European civilisation against the onslaught of nationalist revolutionaries, bent on the destruction of the existing order, or so they believed. In opposition to the new revolutionary world of universal and abstract principles, the counter-revolutionary publicists proclaimed the concept of a gradually developing European society and political order, founded on a set of historical and - ultimately divine - institutions that had guaranteed Europe's unique freedom, moderation, diversity, and progress since the fall of the Roman Empire. These counter-revolutionary Europeanists drew on the cosmopolitan Enlightenment and simultaneously criticized its alleged revolutionary legacy. Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, these ideas of European history and civilisation were rediscovered and adapted to new political contexts, shaping in manifold ways our contested idea of European history and memory until today.

Marramao, Giacomo, The Bewitched World of Capital: Economic Crisis and the Metamorphosis of the Political. Ed. & tr. by M. Mandarini. (Historical Materialism Book Series 273) 304 pp. 2022:12 (Brill, NE) <688-21>
ISBN 978-90-04-27304-7 hard ¥25,766.- (税込) EUR 122.00

Capital is a chameleon that assumes different guises while maintaining the same logic, exploiting crisis as an opportunity for regeneration. Yet each transformation opens a passage for radical conflict and new revolutionary theories and subjects. This is particularly true of the critical passage from the 1920s to the 1930s, which Giacomo Marramao presents as an incandescent laboratory of theoretical and practical transformations and fierce confrontations. Moving from Austro-Marxism to Frankfurt School Critical Theory, from Hilferding to Grossmann, and Max Weber to Carl Schmitt, The Bewitched World of Capital shows how 'the Political' was remade in the passage from free-market capitalism to mass society, throwing new light on forms of domination and conflict that also traverse our present.

Prieto Lopez, Leopoldo J., Projections of Spanish Jesuit Scholasticism on British Thought: New Horizons in Politics, Law and Rights. (Jesuit Studies 36) 410 pp. 2022:12 (Brill, NE) <688-22>
ISBN 978-90-04-51607-6 hard ¥29,356.- (税込) EUR 139.00

Spanish Jesuits such as Francisco Suarez (1548-1617), Jose de Acosta (1540-1600), Pedro de Ribadeneira (1526-1611) and Juan de Mariana (1536-1624) had a powerful impact on English thinkers of the magnitude of John Locke (1632-1704), Francis Bacon (1561-1626), Robert Persons (1546-1610), Algernon Sidney (1623-1683), and later, William Robertson (1721-1793), Thomas de Quincey (1785-1859) and Hilaire Belloc (1870-1953). An influence that was sometimes hidden and always controversial. This work highlights the importance of this influence regarding thought on politics, law and natural rights. A constitutionalist understanding of political power, the recognition and promotion of innate rights and the necessary subjection of rulers to the law, all form part of the important legacy of these scholastic doctors for European intellectual heritage. Contributors include: Rafael Ale Ruiz, Francisco T. Baciero Ruiz, Francisco Castilla Urbano, Jose Luis Cendejas Bueno, Alfonso Diaz Vera, Francisco Javier Gomez Diez, Cecilia Font de Villanueva, Leon M. Gomez Rivas, Fermin del Pino Diaz, Leopoldo J. Prieto Lopez, Daniel Schwartz, Lorena Velasco Guerrero, and Maria Idoya Zorroza Huarte.

Erb, Andreas, Die "Deutschen Gesellschaften" des 18. Jahrhunderts: Ein Gruppenbild. (Hallesche Beitraege zur Europaeischen Aufklaerung 69) 500 S. 2022:11 (de Gruyter, GW) <687-16>
ISBN 978-3-11-077613-3 hard ¥23,221.- (税込) EUR 109.95

Die Deutschen Gesellschaften waren eine Sozietaetsbewegung, die von den mitteldeutschen und protestantischen Universitaeten und Gelehrtenschulen ausging. Ziel war es, ueber die zum Programm erhobene ?Pflege der deutschen Sprache, Poesie und Beredsamkeit" den Gelehrtenstand aus den Schranken der Latinitaet herauszufuehren und als gesellschaftlich nuetzliche Gruppe zu profilieren. Diese Arbeit unterzieht die Deutschen Gesellschaften einer Gesamtbetrachtung, in die die programmatischen Grundlagen, Gruendungsvorgaenge und Mitgliederstrukturen ebenso einfliessen wie die Genese und Rezeption der in den Sozietaeten entstandenen Texte. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit erhalten die Strategien und Praktiken, mit denen die Gesellschaften und ihre Mitglieder ihre Positionen in der staendischen Gesellschaft festigen und ausbauen wollten. In dieser ueberregionalen und interdisziplinaeren Zusammenschau entsteht das Bild einer Sozietaetsbewegung, in der sich innovative und konservative Momente wechselseitig durchdrangen. Die Geschichte der Sprach- und Literaturpflege sowie der aufgeklaerten Gesellschaften wird damit in der sie umgebenden Staendegesellschaft verankert, ihre Protagonisten als Kinder ihrer Zeit begreifbar.

Faucher, Nicolas / Maekinen, Virpi (eds.), Encountering Others, Understanding Ourselves in Medieval and Early Modern Thought. (Helsinki Yearbook of Intellectual History 3) 350 S. 2022:12 (de Gruyter Oldenbourg, GW) <687-17>
ISBN 978-3-11-074868-0 paper ¥21,109.- (税込) EUR 99.95 *

Recent research has challenged our view of the Abrahamic religious traditions as unilaterally intolerant and incapable of recognizing otherness in all its diversity and richness; but a diachronic and comparative study of how these traditions deal with otherness is yet to appear. This volume aims to contribute to such a study by presenting different treatments of otherness in medieval and early modern thought. Part I: Altruism deals with attitudes and behaviors that benefit others, regardless of its motives. We deal with the social rights and emotions as well as the moral obligations that the very existence of other human beings, whatever their characteristics, creates for a community. Part II: Religious recognition and toleration considers identity, toleration and mutual recognition created by the existence of religious or ethnic otherness in a given social, religious or political community. Part III: Evil deals with religious otherness that is considered evil and rejected such as heretics and malevolent, demonic entities. The volume will ultimately inform the reader on the nature of religious toleration (including beliefs and doctrines, even emotions) as well as of the self-definition of religious communities when encountering and defining otherness in different ways.

18世紀におけるヒューム、ハチスン、ケイムズ卿、バークのドイツ語圏での受容
Knapp, Lore, Empirismus und Aesthetik: Zur deutschsprachigen Rezeption von Hume, Hutcheson, Home und Burke im 18. Jahrhundert. (Hallesche Beitraege zur Europaeischen Aufklaerung 70) 470 S. 2022:12 (de Gruyter, GW) <687-18>
ISBN 978-3-11-076244-0 hard ¥21,109.- (税込) EUR 99.95 *

Die Studie beschreibt die Verbindung von empiristischer Philosophie und Aesthetik am Beispiel der Schriften von Francis Hutcheson, David Hume, Edmund Burke und Henry Home und verfolgt deren Transfer in den deutschsprachigen Raum. Rezensionen, Uebersetzungen, Reaktionen und Anschlussforschungen bewirkten in ihrer Summe, dass der Empirismus eine beachtliche Relevanz fuer die Aufklaerungsaesthetik hatte. Die ?empiristische Aesthetik‘ stellt ueber das Erfahrungspostulat hinaus auch die sensualistisch fundierte Erklaerung des Denkens und Assoziierens ins Zentrum. Sie argumentiert induktiv, psycho- oder physiologisch, evolutionaer und demokratisch und laesst sich als fruehe Form der ?empirischen Aesthetik‘ verstehen. Die Rezeptionszeugnisse zeigen, dass Aufklaerung in Deutschland in besonderer Weise auch dort stattfand, wo sich die Aesthetik mit dem britischen Empirismus verband. Dafuer stehen Namen wie Lichtenberg, Mendelssohn, Hamann, der fruehe Kant, Herder, Merck, die Uebersetzer Dusch, Resewitz und Meinhard, die Leipziger Engel, Garve und Riedel, die physiologisch Interessierten von Haller, Platner, Lossius und Hissmann, der Prager Meissner sowie Enzyklopaedisten wie Herz, Eschenburg und Schneider.

有坂陽子、加藤哲理他編　日本語における哲学史と思想史－1835年から2021年までの文献案内－
Krings, Leon / Arisaka, Yoko / Kato, Tetsuri (eds.), Histories of Philosophy and Thought in the Japanese Language: A Bibliographical Guide from 1835 to 2021. 272 S. 2022:5 (Olms, GW) <687-19>
ISBN 978-3-487-16041-2 paper ¥10,137.- (税込) EUR 48.00

This bibliographical guide gives a comprehensive overview of the historiography of philosophy and thought in the Japanese language through an extensive and thematically organized collection of relevant literature. Comprising over one thousand entries, the bibliography shows not only how extensive and complex the Japanese tradition of philosophical and intellectual historiography is, but also how it might be structured and analyzed to make it accessible to a comparative and intercultural approach to the historiography of philosophy worldwide. The literature is categorized and organized according to thematic focus areas such as geographical regions and continents, nations and peoples, religious traditions and philosophical teachings such as Buddhism, Islam, Shinto, or Confucianism, as well as disciplines such as ethics, aesthetics, or political thought. The bibliography is accompanied by an introduction outlining the research method as well as quantitative and qualitative approaches to analyzing the material, followed by a chronological overview of the historiography of philosophy and thought in the Japanese language as well as of the Japanese tradition of writing “world histories of philosophy”. As a first step towards a “history of the historiography of philosophy” in non-European languages, the guide provides useful tools for interculturally oriented scholarship aimed at a non-Eurocentric and diversified historiography of philosophy in a global perspective.

R.バーク、Q.スキナー編　人文・社会科学における歴史
Bourke, Richard / Skinner, Quentin (eds.), History in the Humanities and Social Sciences. 400 pp. 2022:12 (Cambridge U. Pr., UK) <686-20>
ISBN 978-1-00-923104-6 hard ¥17,013.- (税込) GB￡ 69.99 *
ISBN 978-1-00-923100-8 paper ¥5,588.- (税込) GB￡ 22.99 *

This interdisciplinary volume explores the relationship between history and a range of disciplines in the humanities and social sciences: economics, political science, political theory, international relations, sociology, philosophy, law, literature and anthropology. The relevance of historical approaches within these disciplines has shifted over the centuries. Many of them, like law and economics, originally depended on self-consciously historical procedures. These included the marshalling of evidence from past experience, philological techniques and source criticism. Between the late nineteenth and the middle of the twentieth century, the influence of new methods of research, many indebted to models favoured by the natural sciences, such as statistical, analytical or empirical approaches, secured an expanding intellectual authority while the hegemony of historical methods declined in relative terms. In the aftermath of this change, the essays collected in History in the Humanities and Social Sciences reflect from a variety of angles on the relevance of historical concerns to representative disciplines as they are configured today.

Hampton, Alexander J. B. (ed.), Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi and the Ends of the Enlightenment: Religion, Philosophy, and Reason at the Crux of Modernity. 350 pp. 2023:2 (Cambridge U. Pr., UK) <686-21>
ISBN 978-1-00-924494-7 hard ¥18,232.- (税込) GB￡ 75.00 *

Friedrich Jacobi held a position of unparalleled importance in the golden age of late eighteenth and early nineteenth century intellectual history. Nonetheless, the range and style of his thought and its expression has always posed interpretative challenges that continue to hinder his reception. This volume introduces and evaluates Jacobi's pivotal place in the history of ideas. It explores his role in catalyzing the close of the Enlightenment through his critique of reason, how he shaped the reception of Kant's critical philosophy and the subsequent development of German idealism, his effect on the development of Romanticism and religion through his emphasis on feeling, and his influence in shaping the emergence of existentialism. This volume serves as an authoritative resource for one of the most important yet underappreciated figures in modern European intellectual history. It also recasts our understanding of Fichte, Hegel, Kierkegaard, and others in light of his influence and impact.

社会病理学を診断する－ルソー、ヘーゲル、マルクス、デュルケーム
Neuhouser, Frederick, Diagnosing Social Pathology: Rousseau, Hegel, Marx, and Durkheim. 395 pp. 2022:11 (Cambridge U. Pr., UK) <686-22>
ISBN 978-1-00-923503-7 hard ¥7,289.- (税込) GB￡ 29.99 *

Can a human society suffer from illness like a living thing? And if so, how does such a malaise manifest itself? In this thought-provoking book, Fred Neuhouser explains and defends the idea of social pathology, demonstrating what it means to describe societies as 'ill', or 'sick', and why we are so often drawn to conceiving of social problems as ailments or maladies. He shows how Rousseau, Hegel, Marx, and Durkheim - four key philosophers who are seldom taken to constitute a 'tradition' - deploy the idea of social pathology in comparable ways, and then explores the connections between societal illnesses and the phenomena those thinkers made famous: alienation, anomie, ideology, and social dysfunction. His book is a rich and compelling illumination of both the idea of social disease and the importance it has had, and continues to have, for philosophical views of society.

Rist, Anna / Rist, John, Confusion in the West: Retrieving Tradition in the Modern and Post-Modern World. 275 pp. 2022:11 (Cambridge U. Pr., UK) <686-23>
ISBN 978-1-00-921837-5 hard ¥7,289.- (税込) GB￡ 29.99 *

In their trenchant panoramic overview - ranging from antiquity to the present-day - John and Anna Rist write with authority and ennui about nothing less than the loss of the foundational culture of the West. The authors characterize this culture as the 'original tradition', viewing its erosion as one which has led to anxiety about the entire value of Western thought. The causes of the disintegration are discussed with an intensity rare in academe. Critics of modernity ordinarily concentrate on the Enlightenment and the book certainly offers deep analysis of Enlightenment thought. But it goes further. Thus the cruelty of modern totalitarianism is now depicted as in the spirit of the French Revolution and its implacable hostility to a vanished primordial heritage, while scientism, bureaucracy and consumerism appear as the only rivals to a threatening nihilism. The book argues that Western thought has created a set of conflicting moral and spiritual customs: to the detriment of coherence, in individual minds as in society and culture.

Sedgwick, Mark, Traditionalism: The Radical Project for Restoring Sacred Order. 208 pp. 2023:6 (Oxford U. Pr., US) <686-24>
ISBN 978-0-19-768376-7 hard ¥5,831.- (税込) US$ 29.95

ベンサムの『道徳および立法の諸原理序説』－案内
Sverdlik, Steven, Bentham's Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation: A Guide. (Oxford Guides to Philosophy) 352 pp. 2023:1 (Oxford U. Pr., US) <686-25>
ISBN 978-0-19-008990-0 hard ¥19,275.- (税込) US$ 99.00
ISBN 978-0-19-008991-7 paper ¥5,831.- (税込) US$ 29.95

モンテスキュー－啓蒙思想あれ
Volpilhac-Auger, Catherine, Montesquieu: Let There Be Enlightenment. 262 pp. 2023:1 (Cambridge U. Pr., UK) <686-26>
ISBN 978-1-00-924909-6 hard ¥7,289.- (税込) GB￡ 29.99 *

Since the last biography of Montesquieu in English (Shackleton, Oxford, 1961) Montesquieu scholarship has been entirely renewed, culminating in a critical edition of his complete works in twenty-two volumes that is nearing completion. Since 1998, this new edition of the complete works has considerably modified what was known about Montesquieu and his procedures, eliciting new translations and further studies. Additionally, several thousand manuscript pages were made public in 1994 and continue to generate further scholarly inquiry. The author of this compact biography, originally published by Gallimard 2017, is the director of the critical edition of the works and the most qualified scholar of Montesquieu. At once an introduction to Montesquieu's thought and a synthesis of current knowledge about his life and work, this book is full of insights and revised judgements about Montesquieu and how his political philosophy helped thrust Enlightenment onto the European agenda.

Marchini, Anna Maria, Women in the French Enlightenment: From Femme Savante to Mother of the Family. (Routledge Research in Gender and History) 136 pp. 2022:7 (Routledge, UK) <685-7>
ISBN 978-1-03-211067-7 hard ¥31,603.- (税込) GB￡ 130.00 *

This volume deals with philosophical, scientific, and ideological images of women during the French Enlightenment, examining their emergence in the reflections of the philosophes, in Catholic morality, in biological and medical knowledge, in novels, in periodicals, and in the law.Alongside the appeals for social and intellectual emancipation advanced by the femmes savantes, typical of the eighteenth-century salons, a new conception pertaining to women's social role related to the affirmation of the bourgeoisie and of its model of the family took place. Codified in a more complex and organized way within the Rousseauian philosophy, this new conception spread in various cultural debates, gaining a real hegemony: women were meant to be excluded from any "public" space, devoid of cultural aspirations, and only devoted to satisfying the needs of the family.The book adopts a multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and synthetic approach and at the same time highlights the "roots" of some fundamental ways of considering women that are still active in present-day society. It also addresses researchers in the history of philosophy, sociology, literature, and gender studies, and readers with an interest in women's issues.

Aston, Nigel, Enlightened Oxford: The University and the Cultural and Political Life of Eighteenth-Century Britain and Beyond. 832 pp. 2023:3 (Oxford U. Pr., UK) <684-21>
ISBN 978-0-19-924683-0 hard ¥29,172.- (税込) GB￡ 120.00

Enlightened Oxford aims to discern, establish, and clarify the multiplicity of connections between the University of Oxford, its members, and the world outside; to offer readers a fresh, contextualised sense of the University's role in the state, in society, and in relation to other institutions between the Williamite Revolution and the first decade of the nineteenth century, the era loosely describable (though not without much qualification) as England's ancien regime. Nigel Aston asks where Oxford fitted in to the broader social and cultural picture of the time, locating the University's importance in Church and state, and pondering its place as an institution that upheld religious entitlement in an ever-shifting intellectual world where national and confessional boundaries were under scrutiny. Enlightened Oxford is less an inside history than a consideration of an institutional presence and its place in the life of the country and further afield. While admitting the degree of corporate inertia to be found in the University, there was internal scope for members so inclined to be creative in their teaching, open new research lines, and be unapologetic Whigs rather than unrepentant Tories. For if Oxford was a seat of learning rooted in its past - and with an increasing antiquarian awareness of its inheritance - yet it had a surprising capacity for adaptation, a scope for intellectual and political pluralism that was not incompatible with enlightened values.

ホッブズの宗教哲学
Holden, Thomas, Hobbes's Philosophy of Religion. 224 pp. 2023:2 (Oxford U. Pr., UK) <684-22>
ISBN 978-0-19-287132-9 hard ¥14,586.- (税込) GB￡ 60.00 *

Hobbes's Philosophy of Religion presents a new scholarly interpretation of Hobbes's treatment of religious speech and practice. It argues that the key to Hobbes's treatment of religion is his theory of religious language. According to Hobbes, the proper function of religious language is not to describe, state facts, or affirm truths. Instead, such talk ought only to express attitudes of honour, reverence, and humility before the incomprehensible great cause of nature. His theory valorises the traditional discourses of theism, natural religion, and revealed religion, but only as an expression of reverence without descriptive import. Hobbes is sincerely pious, rejecting atheism and irreligion. But he also rejects literal-minded theism, and any realist conception of the divine attributes. The book provides a comprehensive study of Hobbes's highly original treatment of religion. It also offers an integrated account of Hobbes's philosophical thought around religious topics. The account brings out the connections between Hobbes's theoretical philosophy - including his philosophy of mind, language, and human nature - and his practical religious politics, including his views on religious toleration, ecclesiology, and the religious function of the civil state.

Morejon, Gil, The Unconscious of Thought in Leibniz, Spinoza, and Hume. (Cycles) 216 pp. 2022:8 (Edinburgh U. Pr., UK) <684-23>
ISBN 978-1-399-50480-5 hard ¥20,663.- (税込) GB￡ 85.00 *

These three early modern philosophers understood that minds necessarily involve ideas and patterns of thinking that are not conscious. Gil Morejon shows that in this way they sharply distinguish themselves from other major early modern thinkers whose conceptions of the mind tended to identify thinking with consciousness, such as Descartes, Malebranche and Locke. This understanding of the thinking mind as conscious remains popular even today. By contrast, Leibniz, Spinoza and Hume argue instead that thought is not, as such, a matter of consciousness. Morejon explores the significance of this insight for their conceptions of freedom and ethics. By systematically and creatively analysing the major writings of these three thinkers and placing them in the context of the history of Western philosophy, he shows that together they provide us with a metaphysics of ideas that is uniquely helpful for thinking through important problems in contemporary political theory and philosophy of mind. In particular, it allows us to understand how it is possible for people to act against their own interests and in spite of their consciously knowing better.

Richard, Odile / Stenger, Gerhardt (dir.), Les morales de Diderot: actes du colloque de Cerisy-la-Salle, du 10 au 17 aout 2020. (Colloque de Cerisy. Philosophie) 457 p. 2022:7 (Hermann, FR) <684-24>
ISBN 979-10-370-1960-8 paper ¥6,758.- (税込) EUR 32.00

Friedman, Jeffrey (ed.), Intolerance: Premodern Roots and Modern Manifestations. 158 pp. 2022:12 (Routledge, UK) <683-18>
ISBN 978-1-03-237885-5 hard ¥29,172.- (税込) GB￡ 120.00 *

Intolerance of ideas different from one's own seems to be a common attitude among human beings and, at the same time, something that seems to be more pronounced in recent years. In this volume, political theorists and philosophers consider some of the historical preconditions of modern intolerance and debate the sources of its recent manifestations.From theories of religious intolerance during the Reformation to the contemporary suppression of religious symbols; from homophobia to attempts to ban it; from populism on the right to "cancel culture" on the left-this book covers a variety of forms of intolerance, analysing not only its consequences but its causes and implications. Some of the chapters suggest means by which democracies may, through popular and judicial measures, defend themselves against intolerance, while others probe the philosophical grounding of intolerance in epistemological and metaphysical doctrines such as self-evident truth, divine revelation, inner illumination, naive realism, and the moral relativism attributed to analytic philosophy and postmodernism.The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of Critical Review.

Mitjans, Frank, Thomas More's Vocation. 320 pp. 2023:1 (Catholic U. America Pr., US) <683-19>
ISBN 978-0-8132-3610-0 hard ¥14,602.- (税込) US$ 75.00 *

The book considers Thomas More's early life-choices. An early letter is cited by biographers but most miss More's reference to the market place. More's great-grandson, Cresacre, a Londoner, understood it correctly, and that gives reason to trust him on other aspects of More's youth.This study is based on early testimonies, those of Erasmus, Roper, Harpsfield, Stapleton and Cresacre More, as well as More's early writings, the Pageant Verses, and his additions/omissions to the Life of Pico; evidence drawn from authors he recommended, like Hilton and Gerson; and finally, his epitaph. Attention is given to his lectures on St Augustine's City of God, and to St John Chrysostom. It is argued More studied Chrysostom's Homilies on the Gospel of St Matthew from a Greek manuscript. Chrysostom, in the introductory homily, spoke of the city and the market place, as the setting in which Christians practice the teaching of Christ.More practiced law and taught it. He was attracted to becoming a Christian humanist alongside Grocyn, Colet, Linacre, and Lily. With them he studied Greek, the classics and Fathers of the Church. Helped by them he became a man of prayer, aware of the need to seek holiness in the midst of the world as a layman. Faced with the dilemma of the humanist in choosing between the contemplative life of the philosopher and an active life of engagement with the world, he deliberately chose the active life in service to society, and the contemplative life of the Christian as a married man. This awareness and choice is what is called vocation, implying determination to persevere throughout life: More saw his life as a pilgrimage towards heaven as described in the last chapter focusing on More's last work, De tristitia, tedio, pavore, etoratione christi ante captionem eius.